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FDR’s 12 Apostles: The Spies Who Paved the Way for the Invasion of North Africa

FDR’s 12 Apostles: The Spies Who Paved the Way for the Invasion of North Africa

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Nineteen months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, FDR sent twelve “vice consuls” to Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia on a secret mission. Their objective? To prepare the groundwork for what eventually became Operation TORCH, the Allied invasio